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Mirzā Jahāngir Khān (≈1870, or 1875, Shiraz — June 4, 1908, Tehran) ((ペルシア語:میرزا جهانگیرخان)), also known as Mirzā Jahāngir Khān Shirāzi (شيرازى ) and Jahāngir-Khān-e Sūr-e-Esrāfil (جهانگیرخان صوراسرافیل), was an Iranian writer and intellectual, and a revolutionary during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911). He is best known for his bold editorship of the progressive weekly newspaper ''Sur-e Esrāfil'',〔''Sur-e Esrāfil'' means Trumpet of Esrāfil, ''Esrāfil'' being, by the Islamic traditions, the God's favourite angel whose trumpeting will announce the Day of Judgement, or the Day of Resurrection ((アラビア語:يوم القيامة)). Compare with: "''Behold, I shew you a mystery; We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump; for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed."'' (I Corinthians, ch. 15, verses 51 and 52).〕 of which he was also the founder. He was executed, at the age of 38, or 32, for his revolutionary zeal, following the successful coup d'état of Mohammad-Ali Shah Qajar in June 1908. His execution took place in ''Bāgh-e Shāh'' (باغشاه - The Garden of Shah) in Tehran, and was attended by Mohammad-Ali Shah himself. He shared this fate simultaneously with his fellow revolutionary Mirzā Nasro'llah Beheshti, better known as Malek al-Motakallemin.〔''Sur-e Esrāfil (Mirza Jahangir Khan Shirazi)'', Personalities During the Constitutional Revolution and In the Decennia Before and After ("''Chehre-hāye Dorān-e Mashrutiaat va Dahe-ye () Ghabl va Ba'ad as Ān''"), edited by Sinā Yektā (سينا يكتا), (Roshangari ) (in Persian).〕〔Both Mirzā Jahāngir Khān and Malek al-Motakallemin were Azali Bábís. See: Nikki R. Keddie, with a section by Yann Richard, ''Modern Iran - Roots and Results of Revolution'', updated edition (Yale University Press, New Haven, 2003), pp. 70, 179 and 180.〕 It has been reported that immediately before his execution he had said "Long live the constitutional government" (''Zendeh bād Mashrouteh'') and pointed to the ground and uttered the words "O Land, we are () killed for the sake of your preservation ()" (''Ey Khāk, mā barāye hefz-e to koshteh shodim'').〔''Mirza Jahangir Khan Sur-e Esrafil'', 19 July 2008, (7 min 11 sec). It is important to note that ''koshteh shodim'' is in the past tense and its use (by Mirza Jahangir Khan, while apparently still alive), along with his use of "we", instead of "I" (unless he had been referring to both himself and the other fellow prisoners), has a dramatic effect on the hearers who know Persian. Thus the translation "we are () killed" amounts to a compromise, as "we were killed" would feel odd and out of place in English.〕 ==Biography== Mirzā Jahāngir Khān was born to a relatively impoverished family from Shiraz.〔Mirzā Jahāngir Khan's father's name is Rajab-Ali Shirāzi. It has been mentioned that as a child Mirzā Jahāngir Khan was put in the care of his aunt. See: ''Farhang va Honar'' (Culture and Art) (). Here the age of Mirzā Jahāngir Khan at his death is given as 34. Two further details given here are, firstly, that 32 issues of ''Sur-e Esrāfil'' were published under the editorship of Mirzā Jahāngir Khan and, secondly, that after the murder of Mirzā Jahāngir Khan, ''Sur-e Esrāfil'' was continued to be published by Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda and Hasan Taqizadeh outside Iran. In ''Ali Akbar Dehkhoda'', (Iran Chamber Society ), one reads that: "While in exile (Mohammad-Ali Shah's coup d'état ), first in Paris and then to () Switzerland, Dehkhoda with the aid of other Iranian exiles in Paris such as Abolhassan Pirnia and Mo'azed al-Saltaneh published three additional issues of Sur-Esrafil (Esrafil'' ) in Yverdon, Switzerland, which according to () Mostofi were sent to and circulated in Iran."〕 In his youth he studied Persian literature, logic, philosophy and mathematics with the masters of these subjects in his birthplace Shiraz. He later moved to the capital city Tehran where he embarked on studying modern sciences at the élite school of Dar ol-Fonoon and some other centres of learning available in this city at his time. At the inception of the movement leading to the Constitutional Revolution, he joined a number of underground groups of revolutionaries and before long became one of the main pillars of the Revolution. He became a devotee of Hāj Sheikh Hādi Najmābādi.〔''Sur-e Esrāfil (Mirza Jahangir Khan Shirazi)'', ''ibid''.〕〔Hāj Sheikh Hādi Najmābādi (حاج شيخ هادي نجم آبادي) is known to have been one of the main patrons of the ''Roshddieh School'' in Tabriz. See Mahmud Hakimi, in ''Pioneers of Education: Mirza Hasan Roshddieh, founder of modern schools in Iran'', (Jazireh Danesh ) (in Persian).〕 Although it is known that Mirzā Jahāngir Khān was an Azali Bábí,〔Nikki R. Keddie, ''ibid.'', pp. 70, 179 and 180.〕 we do not know whether he became a Bábí in Shiraz, the cradle of Bábism, or in Tehran.〔According to Mangol Bayat (p. 43), Hāj Sheikh Hādi Najmābādi was "a ''mojtahed'' (clergyman practising religious jurisprudence ) declared heretical for his alleged Azali Babist sympathies." It seems therefore very likely that Mirzā Jahāngir Khan became a Bábí in Tehran where Hāj Sheikh Hādi Najmābādi gave private and informal lectures at the time. Mangol Bayat, ''Iran’s First Revolution: Shi’ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1909'', Studies in Middle Eastern History, 336 p. (Oxford University Press, 1991). ISBN 0-19-506822-X〕 Through part of the legislative period of the First Majles, Mirzā Jahāngir Khān published the ''Sur-e Esrāfil'' weekly newspaper〔''Mirza Jahangir Khan-e Sur-Esraafil'' () (in Persian), Rozaneh Magazine (September - October 2003) (). Here the age of Mirzā Jahāngir Khān at the time of his death is indicated as having been 32, implying that he must have been born in 1875 or 1876. The same text provides two further relevant pieces of information, namely that, firstly, Mirzā Jahāngir Khān had had the opportunity to take refuge in the compound belonging to the British Legation in Tehran, however he had expressedly rejected to use this option, and secondly, Mirzā Jahāngir Khān's execution was effected through strangling and stabbing in his heart: first two executioners affixed two separate ropes to his neck and pulled these in opposite directions until blood flew from his mouth, upon which a third executioner stabbed him is his heart.〕 as its Editor, receiving financial backing for this enterprise from Ghāsem Sur-e Esrāfil (قاسم صور اسرافيل), son of Mirzā Hasan Khān Tabrizi.〔 The first edition of ''Sur-e Esrāfil'' was published on Thursday 30 May 1907 (8 Khordād 1286 AH); one year and six days later, on Thursday 4 June 1908 (14 Khordād 1287 AH), Mirzā Jahāngir Khān was arrested and executed.〔''Mirza Jahangir Khan-e Sur-Esraafil'' () (in Persian), Rozaneh Magazine, ''ibid''.〕 The circulation of ''Sur-e Esrāfil'' is said to have been approximately 20,000;〔''Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda'', Persian Language & Literature, (Iran Chamber Society ).〕〔The writer of these lines has encountered a single document that indicates that the ''Sur-e Esrāfil'' newspaper was printed in Shiraz. This information needs to be verified since it appears very unlikely to be correct, in view of the fact that at the time both the Editor and the main contributors to this newspaper were residents of Tehran; Shiraz is located south of Tehran and given the state of the public transportation of hundred years ago, one can have serious doubts as to whether it could have been feasible to print a ''weekly'' newspaper at such a distance from its Editor.〕 the number of printed copies of this newspaper has been as high as 24,000.〔A.-A. Sa'īdī Sirjāni, ''Dehkhodā'', Encyclopaedia Iranica, ().〕 It was during this period that he overtly attacked the deposed Mohammad Ali Shah, a fact that did not pass unnoticed either by the latter or by his own devoted following, making him by equal measures both hated and loved. One of the most celebrated literary figures of the time who contributed to ''Sur-e Esrāfil'' was Ali-Akbar Dehkhodā. His satirical political column, named ''Charand o Parand'' (Balderdash and Piffle)〔Dehkhodā's ''Charand o Parand''s have been collected and published in book format; see: ''Charand o Parand'' (in Persian) by Ali-Akbar Dehkhodā (Afrasiyab, Tehran, 2002) - ISBN 964-6962-90-4. Very recently even an audiobook of this collection has been brought to market; see: (Ketab-e Gooya ).〕 and signed by such imaginary figures as ''Dakhoo'', ''Dakhoo-Ali'', ''Khar-Magas'' (Gad-fly), ''Ruz-Numeh-Chi'' (Journalist)〔''Ruz-Numeh-Chi'' is the vulgar pronunciation of ''Ruz-Nāmeh-Chi''.〕 ''Gholām-Gedā Āzād Khān-e Ali-Allāhi'',〔A compound name, consisting of incompatible sub-names: ''Gholām-Gedā'' meaning 'Servant-Beggar', ''Āzād Khān'' meaning approximately 'Sir Sovereign'. ''Ali-Allāhi'' is a minority sect within Islam that attributes godhead to Imam Ali.〕 ''Khādem ol-Foqarā Dakhoo-Ali Shāh'',〔Meaning 'Servant of the Poor, King Dakhoo-Ali'. Note the juxtaposition of 'Servant' and 'King'.〕 ''Nokhod-e Hameh Āsh'' (Busy-Body),〔The literal translation of ''Nokhod-e Hameh Āsh'' is 'The Pea of All Soups'.〕 ''Be'rah'neh-ye Khosh'hāl'' (The Happy Destitute),〔The literal meaning of ''Be'rah'neh'' is 'Naked'. Someone is said to be ''Be'rah'neh'' if that person is unable to provide in his or her most basic material needs. Hence the translation 'Destitute'.〕 proved both popular and controversial.〔''Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda'', Persian Language & Literature, ''ibid''.〕 Further, ''Sur-e Esrāfil'' 〔
During the coup d'état of Mohammad-Ali Shah, the Russian-led Cossack Brigade, commanded by Colonel Vladimir Liakhov, shelled and subsequently laid siege to the seat of Majles.〔"After an unsuccessful attempt on his (Shah's ) life, the shah achieved, following a failed coup, a successful coup d'état with the help of the Russian-led Cossack Brigade in June 1908. The majles was closed and many popular nationalist leaders, especially those of more advanced views, were arrested and executed. The radical preachers Jamal ad-Din Esfahani (caught while trying to flee), Malek al-Motakallemin and the editor of ''Sur-e Esrāfil'', Mirza Jahangir Khan (the last two had Azali Bábí ties), were among those killed. Taqizadeh along with some others found refuge in the British Legation, whence he went abroad for a time." Nikki R. Keddie, ''ibid.'', p. 70. Jamal ad-Din Esfahani Sayyed Jamal-al-Din Esfahani is the father of the celebrated Iranian writer Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh.〕 Mirzā Jahāngir Khān, together with some deputies who had taken refuge inside the Majles compound, escaped through an opening in the siege and took refuge to the house of Mirzā Mohsen Khān Amin ad-Dauleh.〔The individuals who together with Mirzā Jahāngir Khān escaped, through an opening in the wall of the seat of Majles, to the ''Amin ad-Dauleh Park'' (پارك امين الدوله), were the following: (Abdollah ) Behbahāni (بهبهانى), (Mohammad ) Tabātabā'i (طباطبايى) (of Sādeq Tabātabā'i, Editor of ''Ruz'nāmeh-ye Majles'' (The Majles Newspaper) ), () Khoi (خويى), () Hakim ol-Molk (حكيم الملك), () Mostashār ad-Dauleh (مستشارالدوله), () Momtāz ad-Dauleh (ممتازالدوله), () Bahā ol-Vā'ezin (بهاالواعظين), () Qāzi Qazvini (قاضى قزوينى), Haj Mirzā Ebrahim Āghā (حاج ميرزا ابراهيم آقا), Davood Khān Aliābādi (داوودخان على آبادى), Ali-Akbar Ardāghi (على اكبر ارداقى), and Malek al-Motakallemin (ملك المتكلمين) (of Mehdi Malekzadeh, the historian of the Constitutional Revolution ). See ''Sur-e Esrāfil (Mirza Jahangir Khan Shirazi)'', ''ibid''.〕 〔Mirzā Mohsen Khān Amin ad-Dauleh (Amin ad-Dauleh II) is the son of Mirzā Ali Khān Amin ad-Dauleh, the liberal and reformist Chief Minister of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah during 1897-1898, and the father of the future Prime Minister of Iran Dr Ali Amini. Mirzā Mohsen Khān Amin ad-Dauleh was married to Fakhr ad-Dauleh, Princess Ashraf, daughter of Mozaffar al-Din Shah and Hazrat-e Oliah. Hazrat-e Oliah is the sister of Najm al-Saltaneh, mother of Iran's other future Prime Minister Dr Mohammad Mossadeq. Mirzā Mohsen Khān had a brief spell in government as minister of Post and Telegraph. For the genealogical details see: (''Shajareh-nameh'' Project: Amini-Qajar ).〕 Amin ad-Dauleh gave refuge to (Abdollah ) Behbahāni 〔Sayyed Abdullah Behbahani〕 (later, in 1910, to be assassinated for his pro-British activities), (Mohammad ) Tabataba'i and some others, however declined to give sanctuary to Mirzā Jahāngir Khān, Malek al-Motakallemin and two or three of other escapees. It is not known why Amin ad-Dauleh should have withheld vital support from these men, however both Mirzā Jahāngir Khān and Malek al-Motakallemin were Bábís and thus apostates in the eyes of many of their contemporaries. It is however conceivable that Amin al-Daouleh may have deemed that giving sanctuary to these men would prove fatal to his own life, given the fact that Mohammad-Ali Shah had come to consider in particular Malek al-Motakallemin as "among the most dangerous of his enemies."〔"In Tehran, the two (al-Motakallemin and Sayyed Jamal ad-Din Esfahani ) became major preachers of the revolutionary and constitutional cause, explaining it in familiar Muslim terms emphasizing such Islamic concepts, particularly central in Shi'ism, as Justice and Oppression. Mohammad-Ali Shah considered them among the most dangerous of his enemies and had them both killed in 1908, as he did the editor of ''Sur-e Esrāfil'', Mirzā Jahāngir Khān, also of Bábí background." Nikki R. Keddie, ''ibid.'', pp. 179 and 180.〕 Be it as it may, it has been reported that Amin ad-Dauleh not only declined to provide these men with sanctuary, but that he subsequently contacted ''Bāgh-e Shāh'', by telephone, and betrayed both, following which Shah's soldiers arrested these men and executed them in ''Bāgh-e Shāh'' in the presence of Mohammad-Ali Shah himself.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mirza Jahangir Khan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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